Niveles de actividad física y tiempo sedente según ingreso económico en Chile: resultados de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud 2016-2017

Background: The Chilean population reports high levels of physical inactivity. The relationship between income level, physical activity (PA) and sedentary behaviors is not well known. Aim: To describe the levels of PA and sedentary time, according to income levels in the Chilean population. Material and Methods: Analysis of data from the Chilean National Health Survey 2016-2017, which included 5,130 participants (52.9% women). The levels of PA and sedentary time were measured by the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire. Income levels were established according to the self-reported income per capita of the households and presented as quintiles. PA levels according to income levels were estimated by linear regression analyses. Results: Transport-related PA was higher in the lowest income quintiles (p = 0.039). There were no trends for income levels and PA domains including moderate, vigorous, total, occupational and leisure PA. The prevalence of leisure and occupational physical inactivities were higher in the lowest quintiles of income. Sitting time was higher in the higher income levels (p < 0.01). Conclusions: People in the lowest quintile for income spent more time in transport-related PA and less time sitting. However, physical inactivity prevalence during leisure and work time were higher in people with lower income.

[Association between physical activity and income levels in chilean adults]. / Niveles de actividad física y tiempo sedente según ingreso económico en Chile: resultados de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud 2016-2017.

BACKGROUND: The Chilean population reports high levels of physical inactivity. The relationship between income level, physical activity (PA) and sedentary behaviors is not well known. AIM: To describe the levels of PA and sedentary time, according to income levels in the Chilean population. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Analysis of data from the Chilean National Health Survey 2016-2017, which included 5,130 participants (52.9% women). The levels of PA and sedentary time were measured by the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire. Income levels were established according to the self-reported income per capita of the households and presented as quintiles. PA levels according to income levels were estimated by linear regression analyses. RESULTS: Transport-related PA was higher in the lowest income quintiles (p = 0.039). There were no trends for income levels and PA domains including moderate, vigorous, total, occupational and leisure PA. The prevalence of leisure and occupational physical inactivities were higher in the lowest quintiles of income. Sitting time was higher in the higher income levels (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: People in the lowest quintile for income spent more time in transport-related PA and less time sitting. However, physical inactivity prevalence during leisure and work time were higher in people with lower income.

Comparación entre el auto-reporte de actividad física y la medición con acelerómetro según factores sociodemográficos / Comparison of self-reported and accelerometer-measured physical activity according to sociodemographic factors

RESUMEN Introducción: La determinación del nivel de actividad física (AF) puede realizarse a través de acelerómetro o mediante cuestionario de auto-reporte. El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar los niveles de AF entre un cuestionario de auto-reporte y la medición con acelerómetro de movimiento según factores sociodemográficos en la población chilena. Métodos: Estudio de corte transversal que incluyó a 230 adultos chilenos participantes del proyecto Genes, Ambiente, Diabetes y Obesidad (GENADIO). Niveles de AF fueron medidos mediante el cuestionario Internacional Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) y acelerómetro de movimiento (ActiGraph). Resultados: IPAQ subestimó los niveles de AF total en comparación a la medición con acelerómetro (delta [IPAQ-Acel.]= −55,7 min/día). Según nivel educacional, se evidenció que el cuestionario IPAQ sobreestimó los niveles de AF total en personas con bajo nivel educacional (delta [IPAQ-Acel.]= 70,4 min/día), pero subestimó la AF total en personas con enseñanza media o técnico universitaria (delta [IPAQ-Acel.]= −67,9 y −135,6 min/día, respectivamente). Resultados similares fueron observados para los distintos niveles de ingreso socioeconómico (NSE). Conclusión: El cuestionario de auto-reporte IPAQ subestimó los niveles de AF total en comparación a la medición por acelerómetro; sin embargo, estas diferencias variaron según factores sociodemográficos.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Determining level of physical activitY (PA) can be done with objective measurement, through accelerometer, or by subjective measurement through self-report questionnaire. The aim of this study was to compare PA measurements derived from a self-reported questionnaire and accelerometer according to sociodemographic factors in the Chilean population. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study which included 230 Chilean adults participating in the GENADIO study (Genes, Environment, Diabetes and Obesity). PA levels were measured through the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) and GT1M accelerometer (ActiTrainer, ActiGraph). Results: IPAQ questionnaire underestimated the total PA levels compared to the accelerometer measurement (delta[IPAQ-Acel.]= −55.7 min/day). According to educational level, IPAQ questionnaire overestimated PA level in people with low educational level (delta[IPAQ-Accel.]= 70.4 min/day), but underestimated total PA in people with secondary education or university technician (delta[IPAQ-Accel.]=-67.9 and-135.6 min/day, respectively). Similar results were observed for the different levels of socioeconomic income. Conclusion: The IPAQ questionnaire underestimated total PA levels compared to accelerometer; however, these differences varied according to sociodemographic factors.

[Comparison between self-reported and device measured physical activity according to nutritional status]. / Comparación de los niveles de actividad física medidos con cuestionario de autorreporte (IPAQ) con medición de acelerometría según estado nutricional.

BACKGROUND: It is unknown if nutritional status could influence the accuracy of self-reported physical activity (PA) levels. AIM: To compare PA measured using the international physical activity questionnaire (IPAQ) and by accelerometry (ActiGraph) according to nutritional status in Chilean adults. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This is an observational cross-sectional study that used information from the GENADIO project carried out in Chile between 2009-2011. The sample consisted of 322 people. PA levels and sitting time were determined through the IPAQ self-report questionnaire and ActiGraph accelerometers (GTM1). The nutritional status was determined according to body mass index (BMI). RESULTS: Compared with the measurement made with accelerometry, the IPAQ self-report questionnaire underestimated the levels of light PA, total PA and sedentary time in -171.5, -54.8 and -40.6 min / day, respectively. However, IPAQ overestimated the levels of moderate PA and vigorous PA in 91.0 and 47.3 min/day respectively, compared with accelerometry. Compared with normal weight, obese subjects reported higher levels of moderate PA (105.5 and 48.9 min/day, respectively) and vigorous PA (54.1 and 38.3 min/day respectively). Total PA had a greater delta of underestimation between IPAQ and accelerometer measurements in normal weight than in obese subjects (-122.1 vs -16.5 min/day, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The measurement of PA by means of a self-report questionnaire was discrepant with its objective measurement with an accelerometer. The discrepancy is even higher in obese people.

Association between Different Modes of Travelling and Adiposity in Chilean Population: Findings from the Chilean National Health Survey 2016-2017.

BACKGROUND: Active travel has been suggested as a feasible way of increasing physical activity levels. Although international studies have demonstrated its effect over different health outcomes and adiposity, there is still limited evidence on this topic in developing countries, such as Chile. AIM: To investigate the associations between different types of travelling and markers of obesity in the Chilean adult population. METHODS: 5411 participants from the Chilean National Health Survey 2016-2017 (CNHS) were included in this study. Active travel was assessed using a questionnaire. Car commuters, public transport (PT), walking and cycling were the four forms of travelling assessed. Bodyweight, body mass index and waist circumference were used as markers of adiposity. RESULTS: Compared to car travellers, body weight, WC and BMI levels were lower for PT walking and cycling travellers. The odds for obesity (Odds ratio (OR): 0.41 (95% CI: 0.28; 0.61 p ≤ 0.001) were lower for walking and the odds (OR: 0.56 (95%CI: 0.35; 0.89 p = 0.014) for central obesity were significantly lower for cyclist in comparison to car travellers. Additionally, participation in any form of active travel (walking or cycling) was low, with only 20.9% of the population reporting being active travellers. CONCLUSION: Active travel, such as walking and cycling, was associated with lower adiposity levels in the Chilean adult population. Promoting active travel could be a feasible strategy to tackle the high prevalence of obesity and physical inactivity in the Chilean population.

Auto reporte de la velocidad de marcha y su asociación con marcadores de adiposidad y riesgo cardiovascular en Chile / Association of self-reported walking speed with markers of adiposity and cardiovascular risk in Chile

Background Walking speed is a strong predictor of non-communicable diseases and mortality. Aim To investigate the association of self-reported walking pace with adiposity, metabolic and cardiovascular markers in the Chilean population. Material and Methods Analysis of data from 5,077 participants of the 2009-2010 National Health Survey (ENS 2009-2010). Walking speed was self-reported as average or slow pace. Body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), blood pressure, blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin and lipid profile were the outcome. Results In Chile, 11% (95% confidence intervals [CI]: 10.0; 12.7) of the population reported a slow walking pace. Compared with average walking people, those reporting a slow pace had a higher body weight (difference (∆) 5.65 kg [95% CI: 3.22; 8.09], p < 0.01), BMI (D 2.48 kg/m 2 [95% CI: 1.53; 3.44], p < 0.01), WC (D 6.23 cm [95% CI: 4.12; 8.34], p < 0.01), serum triglycerides (D 30,9 mg/dl [95% CI: 5,31; 57,5], p = 0.018), and lower HDL cholesterol (D -2.32 mg/dl [95% CI: -4,24; -0,34], p = 0.022). Those reporting a slow pace had also a higher odd of being obese (odds ratio (OR): 2.46 [95% CI: 1.82; 3.33], p < 0.01), being diabetic (OR: 1.54 [95% CI: 1.02; 2.40], p = 0.018) and having metabolic syndrome (OR: 2.03 [95% CI: 1.30; 3.18], p = 0.002). Conclusions In Chilean adults, slow walking pace is associated with and unfavorable adiposity and lipid profile, including a higher probability of being obese, diabetic and having metabolic syndrome.

Comparación de los niveles de actividad física medidos con cuestionario de autorreporte (IPAQ) con medición de acelerometría según estado nutricional / Comparison between self-reported and device measured physical activity according to nutritional status

Background: It is unknown if nutritional status could influence the accuracy of self-reported physical activity (PA) levels. Aim: To compare PA measured using the international physical activity questionnaire (IPAQ) and by accelerometry (ActiGraph) according to nutritional status in Chilean adults. Material and Methods: This is an observational cross-sectional study that used information from the GENADIO project carried out in Chile between 2009-2011. The sample consisted of 322 people. PA levels and sitting time were determined through the IPAQ self-report questionnaire and ActiGraph accelerometers (GTM1). The nutritional status was determined according to body mass index (BMI). Results: Compared with the measurement made with accelerometry, the IPAQ self-report questionnaire underestimated the levels of light PA, total PA and sedentary time in −171.5, −54.8 and −40.6 min / day, respectively. However, IPAQ overestimated the levels of moderate PA and vigorous PA in 91.0 and 47.3 min/day respectively, compared with accelerometry. Compared with normal weight, obese subjects reported higher levels of moderate PA (105.5 and 48.9 min/day, respectively) and vigorous PA (54.1 and 38.3 min/day respectively). Total PA had a greater delta of underestimation between IPAQ and accelerometer measurements in normal weight than in obese subjects (-122.1 vs −16.5 min/day, respectively). Conclusions: The measurement of PA by means of a self-report questionnaire was discrepant with its objective measurement with an accelerometer. The discrepancy is even higher in obese people.

Association of leisure time and occupational physical activity with obesity and cardiovascular risk factors in Chile.

The aim of this study was to investigate the association between physical activity (PA), both occupational (OPA) and during leisure time (LTPA), with obesity and cardiovascular risk factors in Chilean adults. 5,157 participants from the Chilean National Health Survey 2009-2010 were included in this study. OPA and LTPA levels were assessed using the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire. The association between both PA with obesity and cardiovascular risk factors was determined using logistic regression. Our findings showed a significant trend between higher LTPA and lower odds for obesity (OR 0.64 [95% CI: 0.53; 0.76], central obesity 0.52 [0.44; 0.61]) and other cardiovascular risk factors including diabetes (OR: 0.72 [0.55; 0.94]), hypertension (OR: 0.59 [0.50; 0.71]) and metabolic syndrome (OR: 0.62 [0.50; 0.78]). In contrast, OPA was only associated with lower odds of diabetes (OR: 0.79 [0.65; 0.98]) and hypertension (0.85 [0.74; 0.98]). In conclusion, LTPA was associated with a lower risk of all major cardiovascular risk factors, whereas OPA was only associated with a lower risk of diabetes and hypertension.

Influencia de la edad sobre el cumplimiento de las recomendaciones de actividad física: Resultados de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud en Chile 2009-2010 / Adherence to physical activity recommendations across age categories: Findings from the 2009-2010 Chilean National Health Survey

RESUMEN A pesar de que la actividad física (AF) es un factor protector contra las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles, un gran porcentaje de la población no cumple los niveles mínimos recomendados. El objetivo fue investigar como varían los niveles de práctica de AF entre los diferentes grupos etarios en la población chilena. Se incluyeron 5.133 participantes de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud 2009-2010. La AF fue determinada utilizando el cuestionario GPAQ. La inactividad física fue definida como <600 MET/min/semana de AF moderada a vigorosa. La asociación entre AF y edad fue investigada por sexo mediante regresión logística. Las mujeres presentaron una mayor probabilidad de ser físicamente inactivas en comparación a los hombres (p<0,0001). Al analizar la prevalencia de inactividad física por sexo y grupo etario, esta cambió ligeramente entre los 20 a 59 años, pero a partir de los 60 se observó un incremento importante en la prevalencia llegando a 63% y 56% para mujeres y hombres >80 años, respectivamente. Los resultados obtenidos confirman la necesidad de seguir fomentando la práctica regular de AF física a través de todo el ciclo vital, pero en especial sobre los 60 años, ya que este grupo presenta una mayor probabilidad de ser físicamente inactivo.

ABSTRACT Although physical activity (PA) is a protective factor against non-communicable diseases, there is an important proportion of the population who do not meet PA guidelines. Our aim was to investigate how adherence to PA guidelines varies across different age groups in the Chilean population. 5,133 participants from the 2009-2010 Chilean Health Survey were included in this study. PA was measured using the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ). Physical inactivity was defined as <600 MET/min/week of moderate to vigorous intensity PA. Logistic regression was used to investigate the association of PA with age. The main finding of this shows that women were more likely to be inactive than men (p<0.0001). Physical inactivity prevalence varied slightly between 20 and 59 years. However, among those individuals aged >60 years the prevalence increased markedly, reaching 63% and 56% for women and men aged >80 years, respectively. These findings confirm the necessity of promoting PA across the lifespan, but more importantly, these results suggest that more promotion and opportunities for engaging in PA should be created especially for older adults, who are more likely to be physically inactive.

[Patterns of physical activity in Chilean adults across the lifespan]. / Caracterización de los patrones de actividad física en distintos grupos etarios chilenos.

INTRODUCTION: Background: international physical activity (PA) guidelines recommend 150 minutes of moderate to vigorous PA or 75 minutes of vigorous PA weekly; however, the proportion of the Chilean population who meet this recommendation across the lifespan remains unknown. Objective: to characterize PA patterns by age categories and sex in the Chilean population. Methods: participants from the Chilean Health Survey 2009-2010 (5,293 individuals) were included in this study. PA types (transport, moderate and vigorous) and sedentary behavior were measured using the global physical activity questionnaire (GPAQ). Time spent on different intensities of physical activity by age and sex was investigated using regression analyses. Results: compared to participants aged < 20 years (reference group), commuting-related PA decreased for both men and women from the age of 60 years onwards. Moderate intensity PA increases for both sexes reaching the highest level between the ages of 40-49 years, and then it shows a decline with increasing age. Vigorous PA reaches the highest levels between ages 30-39 and 40-49 years for women and men, respectively. Time spent sitting increased markedly on participants aged 60 years and above, reaching the highest levels at the age of 80 years. Conclusion: in the Chilean population, there are clear patterns of change in PA levels and sitting time across age groups. These findings may help informing stakeholders on tailoring interventions to increase PA levels, especially at ages when the population is more likely to reach their lowest levels of activity.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Antecedentes: las recomendaciones internacionales fomentan la realización de al menos 150 minutos de actividad física (AF) moderada/vigorosa o 75 minutos de AF vigorosa semanalmente; sin embargo, se desconoce cuál es el porcentaje de cumplimiento de estas recomendaciones en los distintos grupos etarios chilenos. Objetivo: caracterizar los patrones de AF según grupos etarios y sexo en población chilena. Métodos: fueron incluidos 5.293 participantes de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud (ENS) 2009-2010. Se determinaron los niveles de AF (de transporte, moderada y vigorosa) y el tiempo sedentario a través del cuestionario GPAQ V2. El tiempo total destinado a los diferentes tipos de AF y el tiempo sedentario entre las diferentes categorías de edad fueron analizados según sexo mediante regresión lineal. Resultados: en comparación con el grupo < 20 años, la AF de transporte muestra una disminución a partir de los 60 años en ambos sexos. En ambos sexos, la AF de intensidad moderada alcanzó su nivel más alto entre los 40-49 años, pero posterior a esta edad se observó una pronunciada disminución. La AF vigorosa alcanzó su nivel más alto entre los 30-39 años para mujeres y 40-49 años para hombres. Finalmente, el tiempo sedente se incrementó a partir de los 60 años, alcanzando su nivel más alto en ≥ 80 años en ambos sexos. Conclusión: los patrones de AF en población chilena se modifican con la edad y su intensidad varía por sexo. Estos resultados podrían orientar el desarrollo de políticas y programas que promuevan la realización de AF, especialmente en edades donde se observan los niveles más bajos.

Caracterización de los patrones de actividad física en distintos grupos etarios chilenos / Patterns of physical activity in Chilean adults across the lifespan

Antecedentes: las recomendaciones internacionales fomentan la realización de al menos 150 minutos de actividad física (AF) moderada/vigorosa o 75 minutos de AF vigorosa semanalmente; sin embargo, se desconoce cuál es el porcentaje de cumplimiento de estas recomendaciones en los distintos grupos etarios chilenos. Objetivo: caracterizar los patrones de AF según grupos etarios y sexo en población chilena. Métodos: fueron incluidos 5.293 participantes de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud (ENS) 2009-2010. Se determinaron los niveles de AF (de transporte, moderada y vigorosa) y el tiempo sedentario a través del cuestionario GPAQ V2. El tiempo total destinado a los diferentes tipos de AF y el tiempo sedentario entre las diferentes categorías de edad fueron analizados según sexo mediante regresión lineal. Resultados: en comparación con el grupo < 20 años, la AF de transporte muestra una disminución a partir de los 60 años en ambos sexos. En ambos sexos, la AF de intensidad moderada alcanzó su nivel más alto entre los 40-49 años, pero posterior a esta edad se observó una pronunciada disminución. La AF vigorosa alcanzó su nivel más alto entre los 30-39 años para mujeres y 40-49 años para hombres. Finalmente, el tiempo sedente se incrementó a partir de los 60 años, alcanzando su nivel más alto en ≥ 80 años en ambos sexos. Conclusión: los patrones de AF en población chilena se modifi can con la edad y su intensidad varía por sexo. Estos resultados podrían orientar el desarrollo de políticas y programas que promuevan la realización de AF, especialmente en edades donde se observan los niveles más bajos

Background: international physical activity (PA) guidelines recommend 150 minutes of moderate to vigorous PA or 75 minutes of vigorous PA weekly; however, the proportion of the Chilean population who meet this recommendation across the lifespan remains unknown. Objective: to characterize PA patterns by age categories and sex in the Chilean population. Methods: participants from the Chilean Health Survey 2009-2010 (5,293 individuals) were included in this study. PA types (transport, moderate and vigorous) and sedentary behavior were measured using the global physical activity questionnaire (GPAQ). Time spent on different intensities of physical activity by age and sex was investigated using regression analyses. Results: compared to participants aged < 20 years (reference group), commuting-related PA decreased for both men and women from the age of 60 years onwards. Moderate intensity PA increases for both sexes reaching the highest level between the ages of 40-49 years, and then it shows a decline with increasing age. Vigorous PA reaches the highest levels between ages 30-39 and 40-49 years for women and men, respectively. Time spent sitting increased markedly on participants aged 60 years and above, reaching the highest levels at the age of 80 years. Conclusion: in the Chilean population, there are clear patterns of change in PA levels and sitting time across age groups. These fi ndings may help informing stakeholders on tailoring interventions to increase PA levels, especially at ages when the population is more likely to reach their lowest levels of activity

Patterns of healthy lifestyle behaviours in older adults: Findings from the Chilean National Health Survey 2009-2010.

The purpose of this study was to investigate healthy lifestyle behaviours across age categories in the older population in Chile. Data from 1390 older adults (≥60 years), in the 2009-2010 Chilean National Health Survey were analyzed. We derived the following age categories: 60-65, 66-70, 71-75, 76-80 and >80 years. The associations between age and compliance with healthy lifestyle behaviours (smoking, sitting time, physical activity, sleep duration and intake of salt, alcohol, fruit and vegetables) were investigated using logistic regression. The probability of meeting the guidelines for alcohol intake (OR trend: 1.35 [95% CI: 1.11; 1.64], p = 0.001) and smoking (OR trend: 1.23 [95% CI: 1.13; 1.33], p < 0.0001) increased with age, whereas spending <4 h per day sitting time or engaging in at least 150 min of physical activity per week or sleep on average between 7 and 9 h per day were less likely to be met with increasing age (OR trend: 0.77 [95% CI: 0.71; 0.83], p < 0.000; OR trend: 0.73 [95% CI: 0.67; 0.79], p < 0.0001, and OR trend: 0.89 [95% CI: 0.82; 0.96], p = 0.002, respectively). No significant trend across age categories was observed for fruit and vegetables, and salt intake. The probability of meeting at least 3 out of 7 healthy lifestyle behaviours across the age categories was also lower in older age categories compared to those aged 60 to 65 years. Overall, in older adults the probability of having the healthy lifestyle behaviours of physical activity, sitting time and sleeping behaviours was low but not for smoking or alcohol consumption. With an increasingly ageing population, these findings could inform stakeholders on which lifestyle behaviours could be targeted in the older adults and therefore which interventions should take place to promote healthy ageing.

[Association between FTO (ns9939609) genotype and adiposity markers in Chilean adults]. / Asociación entre el polimorfismo rs9939609 del gen FTO y marcadores de adiposidad en población adulta chilena.

BACKGROUND: Numerous studies have identified the role of Fat-mass-associated-gene (FTO) in the development of obesity. AIM: To investigate the association of FTO gene with adiposity markers in Chilean adults. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 409 participants were included in this cross-sectional study. The association between FTO (rs9939609) genotype and adiposity markers was determined using linear regression analyses. Adiposity markers included were: body weight, body mass index, fat mass, waist circumference, hip circumference and waist/hip ratio. RESULTS: A fully adjusted model showed a significant association between FTO genotype and body weight (2.16 kg per each extra copy of the risk allele [95% confidence intervals (CI): 0.45 to 3.87], p = 0.014), body mass index (0.61 kg.m-2 [95% CI: 0.12 to 1.20], p = 0.050) and fat mass (1.14% [95% CI: 0.39 to 1.89], p = 0.010). The greater magnitude of association was found between the FTO gene and fat mass when the outcomes were standardized to z-score. CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms an association between the FTO gene and adiposity markers in Chilean adults, which is independent of major confounding factors.

[Association of physical inactivity with obesity, diabetes, hypertension and metabolic syndrome in the chilean population]. / No cumplir con las recomendaciones de actividad física se asocia a mayores niveles de obesidad, diabetes, hipertensión y síndrome metabólico en población chilena.

BACKGROUND: Physical inactivity is an important cardiovascular risk factor. AIM: To investigate the association of physical inactivity with obesity, metabolic markers, type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension and metabolic syndrome in Chilean adults. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Participants from the National Health Survey 2009-10 (n = 5,157) were included in this study. Body mass index, waist circumference, metabolic markers (blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin and lipid profile) were the outcomes. Type 2 diabetes, hypertension and metabolic syndrome were determined using international criteria. Physical activity levels were determined using the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire and physical inactivity was defined as < 600 METs/minutes/week. RESULTS: Compared to their physically active peers, inactive men and women had a higher odds ratio (OR) for obesity (OR: 1.77 [95% confidence intervals (CI): 1.29-2.42], p < 0.01 and 1.25 [95% CI: 102-1.54], p < 0.035, respectively), diabetes (OR: 2.47 [1.80-3.38], p < 0.01 and 1.72 [1.35-2.19], p = 0.002, respectively) and hypertension (OR: 1.66 [1.31-2.09], p < 0.01 and 1.83 [1.54-2.18] respectively. An association of physical inactivity with central obesity and metabolic syndrome was observed only in men (OR: 1.92 [1.42- 2.58], p < 0.01 and 1.74 [1.23-2.47], p < 0.01, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Not meeting the physical activity recommendations is associated with obesity, diabetes, hypertension and metabolic syndrome, which are important cardiovascular risk factors.

Asociación entre el polimorfismo rs9939609 del gen FTO y marcadores de adiposidad en población adulta chilena / Association between FTO (ns9939609) genotype and adiposity markers in Chilean adults

Background: Numerous studies have identified the role of Fat-mass-associated-gene (FTO) in the development of obesity. Aim: To investigate the association of FTO gene with adiposity markers in Chilean adults. Material and Methods: 409 participants were included in this cross-sectional study. The association between FTO (rs9939609) genotype and adiposity markers was determined using linear regression analyses. Adiposity markers included were: body weight, body mass index, fat mass, waist circumference, hip circumference and waist/hip ratio. Results: A fully adjusted model showed a significant association between FTO genotype and body weight (2.16 kg per each extra copy of the risk allele [95% confidence intervals (CI): 0.45 to 3.87], p = 0.014), body mass index (0.61 kg.m-2 [95% CI: 0.12 to 1.20], p = 0.050) and fat mass (1.14% [95% CI: 0.39 to 1.89], p = 0.010). The greater magnitude of association was found between the FTO gene and fat mass when the outcomes were standardized to z-score. Conclusions: This study confirms an association between the FTO gene and adiposity markers in Chilean adults, which is independent of major confounding factors.